1830-1848
Period marked by a series of revolutions across Europe.
Conservative regimes attempt to consolidate power.
Liberalism and nationalism rise with revolutionary movements.
Key Regions Affected
Italian and German states, Ottoman Empire provinces, Ireland, Poland.
France (1830)
Bourbon kings overthrown, liberal revolutionaries establish constitutional monarchy.
Louis Philippe becomes the head.
July Revolution sparks further European uprisings.
Metternich: “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.”
Belgium gains independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Greece (1832)
Greek War of Independence begins in 1821.
Revolutionary nationalism and support from Greeks in exile and West Europeans.
Figures like Lord Byron support the Greek cause.
Treaty of Constantinople recognizes Greece as an independent nation.
Cultural Impact & Romanticism
Nationalism driven by cultural movements.
Romantic artists and poets focus on emotions and intuition.
Works create a sense of shared heritage and common cultural past.
Eugene Delacroix's "The Massacre at Chios" (1824) dramatizes Greek suffering.
Revolutions of 1848
France: Food shortages and unemployment lead to unrest.
Louis Philippe flees, Republic proclaimed with universal male suffrage.
National workshops established to provide employment.
Germany, Italy, Poland, Austro-Hungarian Empire: Middle classes push for constitutionalism and national unification.
Demands for parliamentary nation-states, press freedom, and association freedom.
Key Figures & Events
Giuseppe Mazzini: Italian revolutionary, founded Carbonari, Young Italy, and Young Europe.
Advocated for nation-states and democratic republics.
Silesian Weavers’ Uprising (1845): Weavers revolt against reduced payments.
Highlighted economic hardships and labor-capital tensions.
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